Garlic has long been cherished for its robust flavor and aromatic profile in cuisines around the world. From ancient civilizations to modern kitchens, this pungent bulb has played a starring role in countless dishes, adding depth and complexity to both simple and elaborate recipes.
Garlic’s versatility shines through in a wide array of culinary applications, from raw preparations to slow-roasted creations. Its ability to enhance flavors makes it a staple ingredient in many kitchens, beloved by home cooks and professional chefs alike. This collection of recipes showcases the many ways garlic can be incorporated into meals, highlighting its adaptability and irresistible taste.
1) Garlic Butter Shrimp
Garlic butter shrimp is a beloved dish that combines succulent shrimp with a rich, aromatic sauce. This quick and easy recipe showcases the natural sweetness of shrimp while infusing it with the bold flavors of garlic and butter.
The dish starts by sautéing peeled and deveined shrimp in a hot skillet. Butter and minced garlic are then added, creating a fragrant base for the sauce. Some recipes incorporate additional seasonings like oregano, red pepper flakes, or Italian herbs for extra depth.
As the shrimp cooks, it turns a vibrant pink color, indicating it’s done. The garlic butter sauce coats each piece, resulting in a flavorful and juicy bite. Many variations of this dish exist, with some adding white wine, lemon juice, or fresh herbs to enhance the flavor profile.
Garlic butter shrimp can be served as an appetizer, main course, or even tossed with pasta for a heartier meal. Its versatility and quick cooking time make it a popular choice for both weeknight dinners and special occasions.
2) Roasted Garlic Mashed Potatoes
Roasted garlic mashed potatoes elevate the classic comfort food with a rich, mellow garlic flavor. This dish combines creamy potatoes with the sweet, caramelized taste of roasted garlic.
The preparation begins by roasting a whole head of garlic in the oven. Wrapped in foil and drizzled with olive oil, the garlic becomes soft and golden after about 35-40 minutes of baking.
While the garlic roasts, potatoes are peeled, chopped, and boiled until tender. Russet potatoes are often chosen for their fluffy texture, but Yukon gold varieties work well too.
After draining the potatoes, they are mashed with milk, butter, salt, and pepper. The roasted garlic cloves are then squeezed out of their skins and incorporated into the mixture.
Some recipes suggest using cream instead of milk for extra richness. Others recommend warming the dairy ingredients before adding them to the potatoes for smoother incorporation.
The result is a creamy, flavorful side dish that pairs well with a variety of main courses. Roasted garlic mashed potatoes offer a delightful twist on a beloved staple.
3) Creamy Garlic Pasta
Creamy garlic pasta is a luxurious and comforting dish that tantalizes the taste buds. This simple yet elegant meal combines al dente pasta with a rich, velvety sauce infused with aromatic garlic.
The sauce typically features a blend of butter, heavy cream, and Parmesan cheese. Garlic is the star ingredient, providing a robust flavor that permeates every bite. Some recipes incorporate chicken broth for added depth.
Preparation is straightforward, often taking just 20-30 minutes from start to finish. The pasta is cooked until tender, while the sauce is prepared by sautéing garlic in butter before adding the remaining ingredients.
Various pasta shapes can be used, with spaghetti and ditalini being popular choices. The dish can be customized with additional ingredients like herbs, spices, or vegetables to suit personal preferences.
Creamy garlic pasta serves as an excellent standalone meal or as a side dish. Its versatility and quick preparation time make it a favorite for busy weeknights or impromptu gatherings.
4) Garlic Herb Roasted Chicken
Garlic herb roasted chicken is a classic dish that infuses tender poultry with aromatic flavors. The preparation begins by patting the chicken dry and seasoning it generously with salt, pepper, and herbs.
A mixture of olive oil, melted butter, and lemon juice is rubbed over the entire bird, including under the skin and inside the cavity. This step helps create a flavorful, crispy exterior while keeping the meat moist.
Garlic plays a starring role in this recipe. Cloves are often tucked under the skin or placed inside the chicken cavity, allowing their essence to permeate the meat during roasting.
The chicken is typically roasted at a high temperature, around 400-425°F (204-218°C). This ensures a golden-brown exterior and juicy interior. Some recipes suggest placing onion slices or aromatics in the roasting pan for added flavor.
A meat thermometer inserted into the thickest part of the breast helps determine when the chicken is fully cooked. The result is a fragrant, succulent roast chicken with garlic and herbs as the highlight of its flavor profile.
5) Garlic Parmesan Knots
Garlic Parmesan Knots elevate the humble bread roll to a savory, indulgent treat. These soft, fluffy knots are brushed with a generous coating of melted butter infused with garlic and topped with grated Parmesan cheese.
The dough is typically made with flour, yeast, milk, and eggs, resulting in a tender texture. Once shaped into knots, they’re baked until golden brown.
For an extra flavor boost, some recipes incorporate red pepper flakes into the butter mixture. The garlic intensity can be adjusted to suit individual preferences.
These knots are best served warm, allowing the butter and cheese to meld perfectly with the bread. They make an excellent side dish for pasta or can be enjoyed as a standalone appetizer.
Leftover knots can be stored in the freezer for up to a month. To reheat, simply warm them in the oven for a few minutes to restore their fresh-baked taste and texture.
Garlic Parmesan Knots pair well with marinara sauce for dipping, enhancing their already rich flavor profile. They’re a popular choice for holiday meals and casual dinners alike.
6) Garlic Sautéed Spinach
Garlic sautéed spinach is a quick and flavorful side dish that showcases the perfect pairing of garlic and leafy greens. This simple recipe can be prepared in just 5 minutes, making it an ideal option for busy weeknight meals.
Fresh spinach leaves are the star of this dish. They’re rinsed thoroughly and spun dry, leaving just a touch of moisture to aid in the cooking process. The spinach is then added to a hot skillet with olive oil and minced garlic.
As the spinach wilts, it releases its natural juices, which mingle with the aromatic garlic to create a savory flavor profile. Some recipes suggest adding a pinch of salt, pepper, and nutmeg to enhance the taste further.
For an extra burst of flavor, a splash of lemon juice or vinegar can be added at the end of cooking. This acidic note brightens the dish and complements the earthy spinach and pungent garlic.
Garlic sautéed spinach is not only delicious but also nutritious. It retains more nutrients than boiled spinach, making it a healthy addition to any meal. This versatile side dish pairs well with a variety of main courses, from grilled meats to pasta dishes.
7) Garlic Infused Olive Oil Bread Dip
Garlic infused olive oil bread dip elevates the simple act of bread-dipping into a flavorful experience. This appetizer combines the richness of extra virgin olive oil with the aromatic essence of roasted garlic.
To create this dip, garlic cloves are roasted until golden and tender. The roasting process mellows the garlic’s sharpness and brings out its natural sweetness.
The roasted garlic is then mashed and mixed with high-quality olive oil. Additional herbs and spices like rosemary, thyme, or red pepper flakes can be added for extra depth.
This dip pairs perfectly with warm, crusty bread. The bread soaks up the flavored oil, creating a delightful combination of textures and tastes.
For best results, use fresh garlic bulbs with tight, unblemished skins. The quality of olive oil also plays a crucial role in the dip’s flavor profile.
Leftover garlic-infused oil can be refrigerated and used in salad dressings or as a cooking base for other dishes. This versatility makes it a practical and delicious addition to any kitchen.
8) Garlic Lemon Scallops
Garlic lemon scallops offer a delectable combination of flavors that highlight the natural sweetness of these tender mollusks. The dish features succulent scallops seared to golden perfection, complemented by a zesty garlic and lemon butter sauce.
Preparation typically begins with patting the scallops dry to ensure a perfect sear. A hot skillet with butter or oil is used to cook the scallops until they develop a caramelized crust.
The aromatic sauce is created by sautéing minced garlic in butter until fragrant. Fresh lemon juice is then added, creating a bright and tangy flavor profile that pairs beautifully with the scallops.
Some recipes incorporate white wine into the sauce, adding depth and complexity to the dish. A sprinkle of chopped parsley often provides a fresh, herbaceous finish.
Garlic lemon scallops can be served as an appetizer or main course. The dish pairs well with crusty bread for soaking up the flavorful sauce or atop a bed of pasta or risotto for a more substantial meal.
This recipe showcases the versatility of garlic, demonstrating how it can enhance seafood dishes without overpowering the delicate flavors of the scallops.
9) Garlic Roasted Brussels Sprouts
Garlic roasted Brussels sprouts offer a delicious way to enjoy this nutritious vegetable. The cooking process brings out the sprouts’ natural sweetness while infusing them with savory garlic flavor.
To prepare this dish, Brussels sprouts are trimmed and halved, then tossed with olive oil, minced garlic, salt, and pepper. Some recipes also incorporate balsamic vinegar or honey for added depth.
The seasoned sprouts are spread in a single layer on a baking sheet and roasted at around 400°F (200°C) for 20-30 minutes. This high-heat method caramelizes the outer leaves, creating a crispy exterior while keeping the inside tender.
Roasting with garlic transforms the sometimes polarizing vegetable into a crowd-pleasing side dish. The garlic becomes mellow and aromatic during cooking, complementing the sprouts’ slightly nutty taste.
For extra flavor and texture, some variations include sprinkling Parmesan cheese over the sprouts before roasting or adding crispy bacon bits at the end. Garlic roasted Brussels sprouts pair well with a variety of main courses and are easy to prepare, making them a versatile addition to many meals.
10) Garlic Cheese Bread
Garlic cheese bread is a beloved comfort food that combines the rich flavors of garlic and melted cheese on a crusty loaf. This dish typically starts with a French baguette or Italian bread sliced lengthwise.
The key to its irresistible taste lies in the garlic butter spread. This mixture usually contains softened butter, minced fresh garlic, and sometimes garlic powder for extra intensity. Many recipes also incorporate grated Parmesan cheese into the spread.
The bread is generously coated with the garlic butter mixture and topped with shredded cheese. Popular cheese choices include mozzarella, cheddar, or a blend of Italian cheeses.
Baking the bread at a high temperature, around 400°F (200°C), ensures a crispy exterior while melting the cheese to gooey perfection. The result is a golden-brown, aromatic treat that’s crisp on the outside and soft on the inside.
Garlic cheese bread serves as an excellent appetizer or side dish for various meals. It pairs particularly well with pasta dishes, soups, and salads. Some variations include adding herbs like parsley or basil for extra flavor.
11) Garlic and Herb Grilled Steak
Garlic and herb grilled steak combines bold flavors with a classic preparation method. The dish features quality beef enhanced by a flavorful rub or marinade.
A typical preparation begins with creating a mixture of minced garlic, herbs, olive oil, salt, and pepper. Popular herbs include rosemary, thyme, and basil. This mixture is then rubbed onto the steak or used as a marinade.
For optimal results, the steak should marinate for at least 2 hours or overnight. This allows the flavors to penetrate the meat fully. Before grilling, the steak is brought to room temperature.
Grilling occurs over medium-high heat. The steak is cooked for 4-5 minutes per side for medium-rare, adjusting time based on thickness and desired doneness. Rotating the steak once during cooking ensures even grill marks.
After grilling, the steak rests for 10 minutes. This crucial step allows juices to redistribute throughout the meat. Some recipes suggest topping the steak with garlic butter for added richness.
The result is a juicy, flavorful steak with a perfect char on the outside and tender interior. The garlic and herbs complement the beef’s natural taste without overpowering it.
12) Garlic Tomato Bruschetta
Garlic Tomato Bruschetta is a classic Italian appetizer that showcases the vibrant flavors of fresh tomatoes and garlic. This dish features toasted bread slices topped with a savory mixture of diced tomatoes, garlic, olive oil, and herbs.
To prepare the topping, ripe tomatoes are chopped and combined with minced garlic, extra virgin olive oil, fresh basil, salt, and pepper. The mixture is allowed to marinate, allowing the flavors to meld together.
The bread, typically a baguette, is sliced and toasted until golden brown. Some recipes call for rubbing the toasted bread with a garlic clove for an extra layer of flavor.
The tomato mixture is then spooned onto the crisp bread slices just before serving. This ensures the bruschetta maintains its delightful contrast of textures – crispy bread and juicy topping.
For a variation, some cooks roast the tomatoes and garlic in the oven before assembling the bruschetta. This method intensifies the flavors and adds a subtle sweetness to the dish.
Garlic Tomato Bruschetta is best enjoyed immediately after preparation to preserve its freshness and crunch. It serves as an excellent appetizer or light meal, especially during summer when tomatoes are at their peak.
13) Garlic Mushroom Risotto
Garlic Mushroom Risotto combines the earthy flavors of mushrooms with the pungent aroma of garlic in a creamy rice dish. This Italian classic starts with sautéing garlic and onions in olive oil or butter to create a flavorful base.
Arborio rice is added and toasted briefly before being slowly cooked with ladlefuls of hot broth. This gradual addition of liquid and constant stirring releases the rice’s starches, resulting in a velvety texture.
Mushrooms, typically cremini or porcini, are cooked separately to develop their rich flavor and prevent them from becoming waterlogged. They’re then folded into the risotto near the end of cooking.
Garlic plays a crucial role, infusing the dish with its distinctive taste. Some recipes call for roasted garlic, which adds a sweeter, more mellow garlic flavor to the risotto.
The finished dish is often garnished with Parmesan cheese and fresh herbs. The result is a comforting, luxurious meal that showcases the harmonious pairing of garlic and mushrooms.
14) Garlic Roasted Lamb
Garlic roasted lamb is a classic dish that combines the rich flavor of lamb with the pungent aroma of garlic. This culinary combination creates a memorable dining experience that appeals to many food enthusiasts.
The preparation typically involves seasoning a rack of lamb or leg of lamb with generous amounts of minced garlic, herbs, and spices. Rosemary, thyme, and oregano are popular herb choices that complement the lamb and garlic flavors.
Chefs often sear the lamb before roasting to develop a flavorful crust. The oven temperature for roasting usually ranges between 375°F to 450°F, depending on the recipe and desired doneness.
Cooking times vary based on the size of the lamb cut and preferred level of doneness. For medium-rare, the internal temperature should reach about 135°F.
Some recipes incorporate additional ingredients like butter or olive oil to enhance moisture and flavor. Potatoes or other vegetables may be roasted alongside the lamb, absorbing the delicious garlic-infused juices.
The result is a tender, flavorful lamb dish with a crispy exterior and a fragrant garlic aroma. This dish often serves as a centerpiece for special occasions or holiday meals.
15) Garlic Honey Glazed Salmon
Garlic honey glazed salmon combines savory and sweet flavors for a delectable main dish. This recipe typically features salmon fillets cooked with a flavorful glaze made from garlic, honey, soy sauce, and lemon juice.
To prepare, salmon fillets are seasoned with salt and pepper. A skillet is heated with oil or butter over medium-high heat. The salmon is then placed skin-side down in the hot pan and cooked for about 3-5 minutes until the skin crisps.
While the salmon cooks, minced garlic is sautéed briefly in the pan. The honey, soy sauce, and lemon juice are added to create the glaze. This mixture simmers and reduces, coating the salmon as it finishes cooking.
The dish is done when the salmon is cooked through and the glaze has thickened. The result is a perfectly cooked salmon fillet with a sticky, flavorful exterior that balances garlic’s pungency with honey’s sweetness.
This versatile recipe works well for quick weeknight dinners or elegant entertaining. It pairs nicely with steamed vegetables or rice for a complete meal.
16) Garlic Dill Pickles
Garlic dill pickles are a popular condiment that combines the pungent flavor of garlic with the aromatic essence of dill. These crisp, tangy pickles are made by preserving cucumbers in a brine solution infused with garlic and dill.
The pickling process typically involves slicing fresh cucumbers into thick rounds or spears. These are then packed into jars along with fresh garlic cloves, dill sprigs, and other spices like mustard seeds, peppercorns, and coriander.
A brine made from water, vinegar, and salt is boiled and poured over the cucumbers. This hot liquid helps to preserve the pickles and infuse them with flavor. The jars are then sealed and allowed to cool, during which time the flavors meld and intensify.
Homemade garlic dill pickles can be ready to eat in as little as 24 hours, though many prefer to let them cure for several days or weeks. The result is a crunchy, flavorful pickle with a perfect balance of garlic, dill, and tanginess.
These versatile pickles make an excellent addition to sandwiches, burgers, and charcuterie boards. They can also be enjoyed as a standalone snack or appetizer.
17) Black Garlic Balsamic Chicken
Black garlic lends an intriguing depth to this savory chicken dish. Its sweet, molasses-like flavor complements the tangy balsamic vinegar perfectly.
To prepare, marinate chicken breasts in a mixture of mashed black garlic, balsamic vinegar, olive oil, and herbs. The longer it marinates, the more flavorful the chicken becomes.
Pan-sear the marinated chicken until golden brown. Then, transfer to the oven to finish cooking. This method ensures juicy meat with a caramelized exterior.
While the chicken rests, deglaze the pan with additional balsamic vinegar and black garlic. Reduce the sauce until slightly thickened.
Serve the chicken drizzled with the rich, glossy sauce. The combination of black garlic and balsamic creates a complex flavor profile that elevates this dish beyond ordinary chicken recipes.
For added texture, consider garnishing with toasted pine nuts or chopped fresh herbs. This dish pairs well with roasted vegetables or a simple green salad.
18) Garlic Butter Mushrooms
Garlic butter mushrooms are a delectable side dish that combines earthy mushrooms with rich, garlicky flavors. This simple recipe typically uses button mushrooms, but other varieties like cremini or baby bella can be substituted.
The dish starts by cleaning and preparing the mushrooms. They are then cooked in a skillet with melted butter and olive oil over medium-high heat. The mushrooms are initially placed cap-side down to achieve a golden-brown color.
Minced garlic is added to the pan, infusing the mushrooms with its aromatic essence. Salt and pepper are sprinkled in to enhance the overall taste. Some recipes include additional herbs like parsley for extra freshness.
The cooking process usually takes about 5-7 minutes, allowing the mushrooms to release their natural moisture and absorb the buttery garlic flavors. The result is tender, juicy mushrooms with a savory garlic butter coating.
This versatile dish pairs well with various main courses such as steak, chicken, or pork chops. It can also be served over pasta or as a standalone appetizer. Garlic butter mushrooms offer a quick and flavorful option for those seeking a tasty vegetable side in just 15 minutes.
19) Garlic Aioli Burgers
Garlic aioli burgers elevate the classic hamburger with a creamy, garlicky spread. The aioli combines mayonnaise, minced garlic, lemon juice, and olive oil for a flavorful condiment that complements the beef patty perfectly.
To create these burgers, chefs mix ground beef with garlic aioli and breadcrumbs before shaping into patties. This infuses the meat with extra flavor and moisture. The patties are then grilled or pan-fried to desired doneness.
Toppings for garlic aioli burgers often include crispy fried onions, arugula, and sharp cheddar cheese. These ingredients add texture and balance to the rich, garlicky flavors. Some recipes also incorporate caramelized onions for additional sweetness.
For a vegetarian option, balsamic-marinated portobello mushrooms can replace the beef patty. The earthy mushrooms pair well with the garlic aioli, creating a satisfying meat-free alternative.
Garlic aioli isn’t limited to burgers. It serves as a versatile spread for other sandwiches and makes an excellent dip for vegetables or fries. Some cooks prepare a roasted garlic version for a mellower, sweeter flavor profile.
20) Garlic Roasted Veggie Medley
Garlic Roasted Veggie Medley is a versatile and flavorful dish that combines various vegetables with the pungent aroma of garlic. This recipe typically includes a mix of colorful vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, bell peppers, and Brussels sprouts.
The vegetables are cut into even pieces and tossed with olive oil, minced garlic, and a blend of herbs and spices. Common seasonings include salt, pepper, and garlic powder, which enhance the natural flavors of the vegetables.
Roasting the medley in an oven at high temperatures, usually around 425°F (220°C), caramelizes the vegetables and intensifies their flavors. The roasting process also creates a tender interior and slightly crispy exterior on the vegetables.
This dish is often served as a healthy side dish but can also be enjoyed as a light main course. It pairs well with various proteins and can be customized based on seasonal availability or personal preferences.
Leftovers can be reheated in the oven, maintaining the vegetables’ texture and flavor. The Garlic Roasted Veggie Medley is not only delicious but also packed with nutrients, making it a popular choice for those seeking a balanced and flavorful meal option.
Health Benefits of Garlic
Garlic offers numerous health benefits due to its unique compounds and nutritional profile. This flavorful ingredient contains powerful antimicrobial properties that can support overall wellness.
Nutritional Profile
Garlic is low in calories but rich in nutrients. A single clove contains manganese, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and selenium. It also provides small amounts of fiber, calcium, copper, potassium, and iron.
Garlic’s most notable compounds are sulfur-containing molecules like allicin. These form when garlic is chopped or crushed. Allicin contributes to many of garlic’s health-promoting effects.
The bulb is also a good source of antioxidants. These help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Regular consumption of garlic may support heart health by helping to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
Antimicrobial Properties
Garlic has been used for centuries as a natural remedy due to its potent antimicrobial abilities. Allicin, the main active compound, exhibits antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties.
Studies show garlic can combat various pathogens, including some strains of bacteria resistant to antibiotics. It may help fight common illnesses like the cold and flu by boosting immune function.
Garlic’s antimicrobial effects extend to oral health. Chewing raw garlic or using garlic-infused mouthwash may reduce harmful bacteria in the mouth, potentially improving breath and dental health.
Regular consumption of garlic, whether raw or cooked, can contribute to overall immune system support and help protect against various infections.
Cooking Techniques Enhancing Garlic Flavor
Certain cooking methods can elevate garlic’s flavor profile, transforming it from pungent to sweet and complex. These techniques unlock garlic’s full potential, infusing dishes with rich, aromatic notes.
Roasting Garlic
Roasting garlic creates a mellow, sweet flavor that adds depth to many dishes. To roast garlic, start by cutting off the top of a whole garlic head to expose the cloves. Place it on a sheet of aluminum foil and drizzle with olive oil. Sprinkle with salt, then wrap the foil tightly around the garlic.
Roast at 400°F (200°C) for 40-60 minutes until the cloves are soft and golden. The result is a spreadable, caramelized garlic paste perfect for spreading on bread, mixing into mashed potatoes, or adding to sauces.
Roasted garlic offers a milder taste compared to raw garlic, making it versatile for various recipes. Its creamy texture and nutty flavor enhance soups, dips, and marinades without overpowering other ingredients.
Infusing Oils with Garlic
Garlic-infused oils impart a subtle garlic essence to dishes without the intense bite of fresh garlic. To create garlic oil, gently heat olive oil with peeled garlic cloves over low heat for 15-20 minutes. Remove from heat and let cool before straining out the garlic.
Use this flavorful oil for sautéing vegetables, drizzling over pasta, or as a base for salad dressings. It adds a delicate garlic flavor to dishes without the need for additional garlic.
For a quick infusion, crush garlic cloves and let them steep in room temperature oil for 1-2 hours before straining. This method works well for last-minute flavor boosts in recipes.
Cultural Significance of Garlic
Garlic holds immense cultural importance in cuisines worldwide, particularly in Mediterranean and Asian culinary traditions. Its pungent flavor and aromatic qualities have made it a staple ingredient in countless dishes, contributing to the unique taste profiles of various regional cuisines.
Garlic in Mediterranean Cuisine
In Mediterranean cooking, garlic is revered as a fundamental ingredient. It forms the base of many traditional dishes, often paired with olive oil and herbs. Greek cuisine features garlic prominently in tzatziki, a yogurt-based dip, and skordalia, a garlic-potato puree.
Italian cuisine incorporates garlic in pasta sauces, marinades, and the famous aglio e olio (garlic and oil) pasta. In Spain, garlic is essential in alioli, a garlicky mayonnaise, and sofrito, a aromatic base for many dishes.
French cuisine showcases garlic in dishes like chicken with 40 cloves of garlic, highlighting its ability to mellow and sweeten when cooked. This ingredient’s versatility and flavor-enhancing properties have cemented its status as a culinary cornerstone in the Mediterranean region.
Garlic in Asian Foods
Garlic plays a crucial role in various Asian cuisines, contributing depth and complexity to dishes. In Chinese cooking, it’s a key component of stir-fries, often combined with ginger and scallions to create a flavorful base.
Korean cuisine features garlic prominently in dishes like samgyeopsal (grilled pork belly) and kimchi. Japanese cuisine uses garlic more sparingly but incorporates it in dishes like ramen and yakiniku (grilled meat).
In Indian cooking, garlic is an essential element of many curries and is often used in combination with onions and ginger. It’s also a common addition to naan bread, creating the popular garlic naan variant.
Southeast Asian cuisines, such as Thai and Vietnamese, utilize garlic in marinades, sauces, and stir-fries, often balancing its pungency with other flavors like chili, lime, and fish sauce.